The influence of Globalization on Kazakh language in Kazakhstan Essay

The influence of Globalization on Kazakh language in Kazakhstan - Essay ExampleWith Kazakhstan language being viewed as a link among the race in the entire state, it is evident that, in the process of nationalizing Kazakh language, some elements of other languages penetrate into Kazakh thus influencing it in some ways (Fierman 2006).Since the late 1920s, the soviet indemnity has affected Kazakh language in several ways. The soviet policy dictated that Kazakh language and other Turkic languages of the USSR should move away from Arabic script to Latin letters (Anheier and Yudhishthir 2007). This can be argued to be among the first, fundamental breaks that affected the Kazakh language. The other major change that happened is the shift to adjust versions of the Russian Cyrillic alphabet. In this regard, it is veritable to argue that these changes fostered a commonality between Turkic mouthers in the USSR and French, English, and German.Since the end of the nineteenth century, Kazakhs tan has drastically changed especially due to migration effects of Russians to the Kazakh steppe (Fierman 2006). Another major cater of concern was collectivization of agriculture. In the period between 1929 and 1936, famine reduced Kazakhstan households almost by a half. As a result, quite a calculate of people migrated out of Kazakhstan to china. Additionally, many non Kazakh were brought into the republic, and this changed Kazakhs culture (Fierman 2006). Therefore, due to these changes and other global factors such as business across borders and mass media, it can be argued that globalisation has played a major role in transforming cultures across the globe.In 1989, 97% in urban centers were Kazakhs speakers. However, about 40% of these people did not speak Kazakhs language fluently. According to Anheier and Yudhishthir 2007, this was as a result of Russian influence in the urban centers. During this period, many young generations of Kazakhs did not

Role of Entrepreneurs in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Role of Entrepreneurs in Organizations - Essay ExampleAn entrepreneur is a soulfulness who organizes and mobilizes resources-people, money, skills, ideas and market to create something that did not exist before and which is feasibility profitable.( Academy of engineering, 1978).An entrepreneur according to Drucker(1985) is someone who perceives and exploits opportunities. This implies that an entrepreneurship is a process of creating new and valuable things which includes ideas and converting into a usable product that satisfy a need (Hisrich and Peter, 1985). The increasing importance of entrepreneurship accentuates why small ventures are growing at a faster tramp than larger organizations. A similar survey indicates that over the last decade, small ventures created more jobs than the larger which instead, continues to lose jobs (Drucker, 1985). Furthermore, the changes in the business environment such as harsh global as well as the local competition, sudden and unexpected altera tion of demand, the rapid acceleration of technological development and increase in risks. Innovation and creativity have become essential for survival, growth and profitability in todays business world as evidenced in the leadership styles, product and market development strategic moves and innovations and immense creativity. Another feature of that has changed the face of entrepreneurs in an organization is the growing networking. This network can be characterized by increasing market forces, co-operation between firms, collaboration for research and development, subcontracting, outsourcing and strategic alliances that have leapfrogged firms profitability and ironed further the roles that entrepreneurship per versions in organizations. As no firm can really operate on its own, each depends on the other for survival in the competitive world. Question two at that place are various types of entrepreneurs. The scope of entrepreneurs is determined by the nature of the business venture , the real objective of starting up the business. First, there is a business entrepreneur. This is entrepreneurs who consider of a business idea, start and manage the business. In business arena, they generate noble ideas, exchange goods and services with tailoring all the marketing and brand twist to attract and increase the sales volume of their products. They manufacture and innovates new and unique products and services which satisfy the customers needs by alleviating the prevailing problems. For instance, Sir Branson of UK serves as an imperative example. communication channel entrepreneur plans, organize, develop and manages corporate affairs with immense creativity and skill that champion their corporate firms into profitable ventures. For instance, former General Electric long-serving CEO, Jack Welch who moved(p) the firm into greater heights in performance. Second, there are technology-based entrepreneurs endowed with skill and lavishly technical knowledge in technolog y. The technical entrepreneur prepares high skills in product crafts and focuses mainly on the product design and development so as to supply the market with sophisticated products. The non-technical entrepreneurs focus on the non-technical aspects such as marketing, distributions and pricing strategies to promote the sales of the product while the professional entrepreneurs are the one who creates new technology or an idea and sells to others in form patents and other copyrights. Third, there are motivational based entrepreneurs. First, pure motivational entrepreneur create jobs for other rather than seeking a job for himself. They pose a high desire to create a new venture or an idea that will create jobs and improve the living standards for others. Others in this stratum include ,induced entrepreneurs who are encouraged by the government to invest in

Satyagraha in a Secular World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Satyagraha in a Secular World - Essay ExampleIn comparing this set of beliefs with Christianity, we find that they do not have much in common. Christianity has wiz God and no meditation practices or physical exercises to die hard our mind or brain functionality. Christianitys only bold set of ethics would be the Ten Commandments. Christians believe in the Soul outlives the body in enlightenment (or perhaps in Hell), but have no belief in rebirth of the soul into a new body as Hindus do.As come up as the origin of Satyagraha we must also understand its meaning. Directly translated, Satyagraha means Insistence on ripe, and the force derivable from such insistence.(Dilks, Hansen, and Parfitt) Gandhi created Satyagraha to develop a nonviolent resistance to help India (or any country or person) peacefully enforce their will upon their opponent, which at the time was Britain and their colonial rule over India. Gandhi insisted on self-suffering for Satyagraha to work. He calls this Tr uth-Force, which basically means that to enforce something upon someone it is more effective to do so through self-suffering, rather than through the suffering of the opponent. Satyagraha believes that there is some truth in everything, even our enemies, and it takes all of the individual portions of truth to make up the total truth. When we burden our enemies with suffering, pain, or sacrafice, their truth becomes inaccessible to us and we have no way to obtain the bigger truths. Gandhi claims that the opponent must also be deterred from taking the wrong action by showing him patience and sympathy. As I understand it, the easiest, and most primitive, way to interpret the principle of Satyagraha is as follows Gandhi is showing the same principle of one br otherwise peck (poking, pinching, name calling) at another. If one brother is constantly nagging another and the brother being nagged continually gets upset, the brother doing the nagging will always continue on to entertain himse lf with his other brother upsetting himself. When the brother being nagged shows no reaction, and does not get upset or disrupt the cause, he is accepting self suffering and the nagging stops very quickly.Because India is mainly of Hindu belief, and was previously occupied and ruled by Britain, India became the perfect place for the principle of Satyagraha to evolve. Gandhi was the spiritual leader of an oppressed plurality living in an occupied land. The loss of their territory, heritage, and national identity created a need for a strong principle that could unite the country. Gandhi and his principles would not have as much of an impact in the Americas or in Europe as it did in India because there was no great desperation for independence. The Americans and Europeans had been afforded the basic rights of expression and thought, and had the right to self-determination. The U.S. was no longer under British rule, although in the 1770s it did have to win independence for the 13 colon ies. Europe was under the threat to be ruled by Germany, but was at war, and had not completely come under the rule of them. I do not believe Satyagraha could win a war. However, it is a utilizable political tool that can unite a population behind a compassionate cause. It was an effective movement to

Benefits of the European Union Essay Example for Free

Benefits of the European northern EssayThe European Union is an organic law of democratic European countries based on the belief of committing to working together for peace and prosperity. In the recent years the Union is considered to be one of the goodly strongest and most influential organisation in the world. Therefore on the whole questions related to this atomic number 18 become questions with significant matter.In this essay I shall be for the first time define my academic subject with presenting a short rsum of the history of the European Union followed by an explanation of its main benefits and why they are so important. In order to support my arguments I shall use reliable sources and materials, whose authors are regarded as trustworthy on the European Union issues.In my completion Ill summarise the main advantages of the European union and Ill explain why every one of us should be interested in this subject. Identifing myself as a part of the Union and conduc t from the heart of the european idea,I shall strongly backing my position that the European Union is the only future for Europe.The European Union is a unique legal system which, following the most recent expansion of 1st January 2007, comprises almost 489 million people within 27 States with divers(a) legal traditions. Any further enlargements would bring the EUs population to over half a billion people, (more than the USA and Japan combined).The main idea of creating an integrated Union was conceived before 50 years as a way to prevent destruction and to maintain peace within Europe. The general end of the European Union is an economic and political progress and to realize a common foreign and security policy, to stabilize the protection of the rights and interests of the member states, and to develop close cooperation on justice and home affairs (Politics in the EU, p.90). All European Union decisions and procedures are based on the Treaties, which are agreed by all the EU cou ntries. This is one of the main democratic characteristics on the Union.The core of the Union, which is the single market, consists the main benefits and advantages that European Union can offer to its citizen. From 1 January 1993 the European community of interests formally became a Single Market without internal frontiers. What does this actually means? This means that people, goods, services and capital will be able to move roughly as freely as within one country. (EU Law 2006, p.369). Its creation was one of the main objectives of the original Rome of Treaty (1957).These four freedoms of movement are underpinned by a range of supporting policies and they are the engine of the single market. Consequently many standards have been harmonized for hundreds of growths, producing a level playing field of operation for manufacturers across the EU, regardless of where they are based.Moreover the process of harmonization of goods produced in one country of the Single Market by all the others means that if this product is high quality to be sold in one member state, it cannot be excluded from sale in another. The overall effect has been to turn the EU into a huge domestic market for all citizens.

On Going Home Essay Example for Free

On Going Home EssayDid you constantly wonder wherefore some mint opt for peace and serenity in the company of friends and colleagues? After reading Joan Didions, On Going Home, numerous ideas started to rush through my brain. The experiences I had in my life started to comply back to me, like a flashback, with all the emotions coming with them. Yes, I know that my life has continuously been filled with numerous experiences. These experiences substantiate helped me prep are for the life I am to experience when I grow older. A tragic event in my life led to my growth as an individual. When I was younger, I perceived life to be blissful and full of challenges.The everyday activities helped shape my future , molding me into the good individual that I necessity to be. I was a relatively good kid. I attended school daily, and achieved impressive grades. I also had friends both in school and in the neighborhood. integrity of my closest friends was Charlie, my neighbor. Charlie and I have been friends since we were six years old. They were new at that time, and when her parents would go to work, Charlie was left in our family. We did things to go badher, and our differences never made a dent in our friendship. She was the perfect friend, who always knew what to do.I could never imagine going through my life without Charlie by my side. In the summer of junior year, Charlie came over to my house and asked me to yoke her. I told her I cannot go with her because I was doing my homework, and I had household chores to finish before my parents arrive from work. She said that it was al powerful, and then she hugged me tight. She told me how a great deal she cherished our friendship and that if ever she died, she will be my angel. She would always watch over me, and guide me to do the right things. I felt shivers come up my spine, and so I asked her what she was up to.She told me that she just fatalityed me to know how much she cared for me. So she left. Hours past, and still I have not heard anything from Charlie. I continued doing my homework, when I heard tattered glass from downstairs. I was scared, because I was still alone in the house. I quietly went out of my room to check on where the noises came from. I was really scared, so I left Charlie a message in her voice mail. I asked her if she can come over to help me out, and that it was an emergency. As I reached the living room, I saw the glass windows shattered, and at that place were evidences that there was someone who broke in our house.I called Charlie, and this time she answered me. I told her that I think someone broke into our house, and I was still alone. She said to just wait for her, because she was coming over. I tried to be calm, and device a plan to save myself from the distress. I went around the house to look for the culprit, and was shocked when someone pulled me from behind. I was scared to death. I tried to scream, but the slice put his hand on my mouth. He pu lled me from behind and brought me to my parents bedroom. With right hand holding both my arms, he started to tear away my clothes. It turned out that the man did not break in to steal our things.He was a dis may who has been eyeing on me, waiting for the right time to come. I was crying and screaming my heart out because I was not in favor of the number this pervert is doing. When I was starting to lose hope, I saw Charlie running towards the door, bringing with her the baseball bat I kept in my room. She hit the man in the head three times making the man dizzy and unconscious. She kicked the man and helped me to get up. We ran to my room, where she gave me the first shirt that she saw, and started running towards the door. Our goal was to get the think and call 911. Charlie and I ran downstairs.The main door was locked, and the keys were hidden in the drawers. To avoid wasting time, Charlie and I decided to pass through the back door. As we ran into the kitchen, the pervert sur prised us holding a knife in his hand. He said that he was not going to hurt us, if we would give in to what he wanted. Charlie was stern and wanted to fight. She started to throw dishes at the pervert, while keeping me close behind. We were both scared, but we had to hide our fears and show this pervert of a man that he cannot defeat us. The man cut his hand and this gave us the time to run. We passed through the back door and ran outside.Charlies hair was pulled by the man, and she wanted me to go ply her. I cannot just leave my best friend with a man who will just torture her, and reap the dignity away from her. As the fighter, Charlie struggled to get away from the man. She gave him numerous kicks, and blows in the stomach. Little did we know that the man still had a knife on his hand only to be used in this situation. I saw my best friend, Charlie, stabbed to death by a man who tried to molest me. I screamed my heart out, waking the neighbors close by. Soon, the ambulance and the police were there searching for evidences.Charlie was brought to the hospital, where she was declared death on arrival. Before she died, Charlie told me to fulfill the dreams we built as young kids, and to always be strong no matter what the helping are. Soon, Charlie left and became one of the stars in the heavens. She was sixteen. My slopped friendship with my best friend, Charlie, is something that will always have a place in my heart. She taught me a lot of things, and that it was always worth to fight for the people we care for. Charlie sacrificed her life for me to be saved, and I did not waste that opportunity.I used this pain to help me go on, and espouse in life. She wanted me to live so that I may fulfill the dreams that we had when we were younger. Nowadays, I work hard to achieve excellence in my chosen field. Although there are times that I am not in a good situation, I still keep a positive note in me. Charlies dream was to make a difference in this world, and I want to fulfill that even in my own little way. I want to show the world that regardless of what happened to my life before, I can still manage to rise up and start anew. I know that there are times when I feel like giving up on my career and my life, in general.Then I start to think about Charlie, and how her unwavering love for me, has shielded me from harm. If I was the fighter between us, I would have been the one who died. Charlie took that option away from me, and me see that my life was destined for something big. After much hard work and dedication, my dreams and aspirations in life are just miles away. I just have to go and expand my knowledge so that I may be fully equipped with the challenges that I will face in my chosen profession. The reading paved way for me to reminisce the friendship that I had with Charlie.Charlies home was two houses away from ours, but her heart has always been with us. She treated us like her own family, and made us feel how much she love and c ared for us. All these years, I have wanted to find a perfect reason as to why Charlie sacrificed her life for me. The reading showed me that irrespective of who you are with, people will do anything for us, especially when they treat us like family. I know this, because this was Charlies lifetime sacrifice. When I feel devastated and no will to sound on, I just have to look up in the stars and see that someone up there is watching over me until all of my dreams have come true.

Cremation Essay Example for Free

Cremation EssayI have always perceived life to be simple. As a schoolboyish child, I have always been that ordinary child whom people expected little of. I could do anything to anyone without drawing much attention. As I grew older, these were not changed. I was still branded as someone of great importance to society. I tried to live my life as quietly as possible, without anyone noticing. This is the chief(prenominal) reason why I opt to be cremated when I die. I precious to set up funeral arrangements with my family before I die. I will permit them know what I want once I depart from this wonderful world which I lived. Although this sounds morbid since I am still alive, I wanted to prepare myself and picture where will my remains be as I leave my family and friends. If ever I will die either by nausea or accident, I will let my family take my body to the nearest cremation center and burn it right away. As for my wake, I will ask my family to communicate my friends and coll eagues to visit our house and have them see a beautiful jar where my ashes are placed.Surrounding the said jar are my pictures that tells different stories because my so umpteen experiences with them. Cremation is less expensive than buying caskets and a burial plot. I wanted my urn to be stored in our living room so that my family will not be lonely enough whenever they miss me. I like the idea that people will think that I am still and will always be around them. I always live in simplicity and I believe that this manner of funeral tradition is simple enough for me to be remembered.

Scientific perspectives on positivism and hermeneutics

Scientific perspectives on positivism and hermeneuticsThe purpose of this chapter is to describe the method that how the work bequeath be carried come forth and what approach we lease chosen. The take aim of this explore design is to attend to the main questions. We would alike present the overview of the choice of methods drilld for info collection, analysis and the results of the data.Research perspectiveThere ar deuce main scientific perspectives, positivism and hermeneutics. (Ann Lind, 2005), since we want to create comprehension knowledge, a hermeneutic perspective is best for our look.The aim of the hermeneutic analysis is settleing to make sense of the whole, and the congenatorship between people, the organization, and information technology (Michael D. Myers, 1997). Hermeneutics has been defined as the theory of the operation of savvy in relation to the interpretation of text (David L. Rennie, 2006). The text could be any sacred and legal document. Hermeneutics dealt with two aspects of interpretation which forget be encountered again first, the jobs of analyzing texts in a mood that looked beyond the surface features (e.g. of a parable), and second, the problems of verifying the analysis so produced (W tout ensembleace, Ross, Davie, 2003). We can say that the hermeneutics deals with the interpretation of any aspect of the technology. Hermeneutics opens the path of protecting the social sciences from the misdemeanor of the methodology of the natural sciences, but the main concerns are always the similar as those acknowledged previously i.e. to what degree are readings to be ordered and to what level are they objectively accurate or subjectively factual to the reader? (Wallace, Ross, Davie, 2003)The hermeneutics deals with the difficulties of the text interpretation, analysis of the text and the verification of that analysis. The qualitative national produces about form of text from the audiences or poster, the produced text needs to be interpretive beca subprogram Texts are not just more(prenominal) or less meaningful, they are also more or less useful. (Wallace, Ross, Davie, 2003). It leave show the objectivity of the text, we think that the hermeneutic approach with qualitative investigate is give prohibited approach to choose. The qualitative research gives find peerlessself to the interviewee or respondents to answer in their own opinion and not forcing them to select or answer from preset answersE real research design has some autocratic aspects in it beside with some negative sides. It is not possible to say that any research design a perfect design. There are mainly two research designs which are the kickoff of the todays research, one is qualitative research and other is quantifiable research. Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth intellect of human behavior and the reasons that curb such behavior.(Wikipedia, 2010) and The objective of quantitative research is to develop and e mploy mathematical models, theories and/or hypotheses pertaining to phenomena.(Wikipedia, 2010)The qualitative research contains the get a line that consists of to find the answers of questions by predefined set of measures produces answer that efficacy not be resolute in advance and gathering of the proofs. The Qualitative research shares the characteristics which are described and it helps to arrive a go at it any given research problem or subject. Qualitative research is especially efficient in obtaining culturally specific information ab turn out the prys, opinions, behaviors, and social contexts of fussy existences. The qualitative research provides textual metaphors of, how the researcher experience a given research problem. There are three qualitative research methods which are player observation, in-depth interviews, and focus groups. The get outicipant observation depends on the observation of the participant to be sightd, in-depth interviews depend on the collecti on of data from the individual somebodyally, and focus groups depend on collection of data from the group of particulars. (Mack, Namey, 2005)The quantitative approach, on the other hand, has more benefit of generating data that is open to the statistical analysis, and something that is predominantly imperative in a safety context. The quantitative research approach is most of the time is in simpler form, the representation of the data in quantitative structure (e.g. graphs or charts) then(prenominal) the disordered layout of the text in qualitative data. (Wallace, Ross, Davie, 2003)In this research we have use qualitative research methods with hermeneutic approach, our research design will show how this work will be applied, and why we have chosen the approach that we are going to work with. The research design will be accommodative to answer the research question, we will use the procedure of the observations and the interviews in this regard. We will filtrate to explore that wh at are the requirements of a user (visually stricken people) and how the ticketing machine could be provided by the interface that could be usable for the user. This approach will be relying on the conclusion and results that we gather from the interviews and the observation. We will try to broaden our perspective at the start of the work, because it could be very helpful at the point, when we will be collecting data. We will analyze that how a ticket machine arrangement interfaces have an effect on a user who is in need of it.Comparison of quantitative and qualitative research approachesQuantitative QualitativeGeneral frameworkSeek to confirm hypotheses around phenomenaInstruments use more rigid style of eliciting and categorizing responses to questionsUse exceedingly structured methods such as questionnaires, surveys, and structured observationSeek to explore phenomenaInstruments use more conciliative, reiterative style of eliciting and categorizing responses to questionsUse semi-structured methods such as in-depth interviews, focus groups, and participant observationAnalytical objectivesTo quantify variationTo predict causal relationshipsTo describe characteristics of a populationTo describe variationTo describe and explain relationshipsTo describe individual experiencesTo describe group normsQuestion formatClosed-endedOpen-endedData formatNumerical (obtained by assigning numerical values to responses)Textual (obtained from audiotapes, videotapes, and field notes)Flexibility in study designStudy design is stable from beginning to end operatoralist responses do not influence or determine how and which questions researchers ask nextStudy design is subject to statistical assumptions and conditionsSome aspects of the study are flexible (for example, the addition, exclusion, or wording of particular interview questions)Participant responses affect how and which questions researchers ask nextStudy design is iterative, that is, data collection and research questions are familiarized according to what is learnedResearch strategyWe need to look at the existing method and practices, perchance to develop and improve them. Once a particular project is underway, we may need to collect information to monitor the program and suss out its effectiveness. Is it meeting its target? Is it satisfying its customers? (Paul Nichols, 2006). The research strategy we will espouse during the research is consisting of the collection of the information through the interviews and the observations then we will review the effectiveness of the data and try to answer the questions that Nichols asked.There are two types of research strategy approaches.Exploratory researchDescriptive researchExploratory researchAn explorative study is conducted when the researcher would like to follow a tender amour or when the subject part in itself is relatively modernistic and unexplored. The aim for such a study may be to create a better understanding, to test the feas ibility of further research or to develop a method for further research.(Ann Lind, 2005) Explorative studies are most important when moving into new territories where they almost always can create new knowledge of the research area. (Babbie, 1995)Descriptive ResearchDescriptive research is also called Statistical Research. The main end of this type of research is to describe the data and characteristics about what is being studied. The idea behind this type of research is to study frequencies, averages, and other statistical calculations. Although this research is highly accurate, it does not gather the causes behind a situation. (Anto, 2007)We have chosen the exploratory approach as our research strategy, because we want to follow a new knowledge. This area has been unexplored and is a new one, this area need to be of better understanding for the further exploration in the area. The interviews and the observations are also fits well with exploratory approach, because they will cr eate better understanding of the problem and towards the solution of the problem. By the application of the exploratory method, will help us to get better understanding and make the interface of the ticket machine system better and usable. By descriptive, we will be able to easily get our principles from theories now days for a design principle of a ticket machine system and the features of visually impaired people.Once the phase of interviews and the observations will be finished, we will try to come along a prototype that will help to book tickets for the visually impaired people for the experimental purpose. Our effort would be to get a better understanding of how users perceive the interface of the ticket machine system and how we can make more improvement in the interface to be useable for the visually impaired people. To come up with better design of the machine to investigate further on to make it more reliable for users. If we noticed and observed that today the system call ed as self-service systems, always need to be improved and need some kind of updating and upgrading in it to make the performances better, improved and more users friendly.The post of theoretical studyThe role of the theoretical study is to explore the publications link to the material which is relevant about the research topic. According to Oates (2006, page 72) the aim is to gather and present evidence to support your claim that you have created some new knowledge. The theoretical study is used to identify the theorys key points and suggest theories that they might explain the data that, the researcher has collected from the field of study. The theoretical study provides the base for any kind of research. The theoretical study is based on the literature resources like books, journals articles, conference papers and catalogues.In theoretical part we will make a base for the empirical survey, which will later on be implemented. We have inquired the disparate ways for the conduc ting of interviews. We have to keep in mind that what is considerable to think about and what we should do to attain, validity and consistency when we carry out the theoretical study. We have read various theories about the usability, ticket machine system, human- computing machine interaction, and user interface and design principles.The role of Empirical studyAccording to Oates, (2006, page 2-3) the research within information system has a long tradition of carrying out field research (often called empirical research) in order to find out what happen, when information system are requested, developed and used by the people. The empirical researchs outcome can be utilized as the verification to sustain the invaluable development and usage of any information system. When the product is actually implemented in the real world the empirical study can be helpful to find out what happen actually, and if we want to develop the system in a desire efficient way, there should be evidence of empirical study to support the research, the theoretical study will also be enhanced with the help of empirical study. (Oates, 2006)Our intention is to acquire an enhanced understanding of how the user recognize interface in the ticket machine system and what measurements we can take to make the interface of a ticket machine system better for the wound (visually impaired). This can be done with the help of the empirical study because the role of the empirical study is to verify the results of the theoretical study.Data collection proceduresFor the solution of the problem of design issues of the ticketing machine system for the visual impaired people, we will use the interviews and the observations. During the interviews, we will ask the questions from different visually impaired people about their intellection of such kind of system. The interviews from the standard human beings, who travel regularly, will help us to sort out the availabilities and problems of the current ticketi ng machine, and to get the idea how they think about the current system to improve to make usable for the visually impaired people. During the observations, we will analyze and argue the different responses given by the interviewer and will try to reach some results.theoretic studyOur theoretical groundwork is based on articles, books and literature review as well as material which is relevant to our study in our problem area. The literature review is done by searching for these keywords, usability, interface, human computer interface, information service and user interfaces etc.Theoretical sourcesThe theoretical source is a tool of qualitative research, for the theoretical source of the empirical studies, we have selected to go through the comprehensive study of literature that is related to our research, which is compose of the journals, books and articles in the research area. We will make analysis of the problem by making predictions, understanding and explaining the matter.Our theoretical groundwork is comprised of articles, books, internet and literature review as well as material that is relevant to our study in our problem area. The literature review is done by searching for these keywords usability, interface, human computer interface, information service, user interfaces etc. For these keywords we will definitely consider that the authors are more trustworthy than others. In our theoretical study, this thing will be be with the web sites, books, articles and journals because this will provide grapheme in our data.Empiric SurveyThe empirical study is related to balance with what the theory says, here the theory is initial point and the preparation of questions related to interviews is based on it. The empirical study will have observations and interviews will be conducted at different places.We will also try to collect the data by the interviews from the blind or visually impaired people would be the source of direct quotations from them and also yi elds their pervious experiences, pervious knowledge, feelings and opinion about the ticketing machine or booking system (Michael Quinn). The observation will provide the stop peoples behaviour, activities actions and their interpersonal interaction with other assistive technologies they have used. The analysis of data from written documents consists of the analysis of articles, journals and books related to the blind people or people with visual impairment and booking systems.Empirical sourcesThe empirical source will be composed of a number of interviews and observations, which will be conducted randomly from normal user on the spot after or onwards buying ticket form ticket reservation machine, and from the blind or visually impaired people, from Eye center Boras.According to Briony J Oates (2006, page-202, 203), to observe mean to watch and to pay attention to. Observing is something most of us do a lot most of the time happening, hearing, noting, analyzing, formal theories, m aking inferences, awful meaning. He further says that, for data generation methods the researchers use observations to find out what people actually do, rather than what they say they do when questioned. Most of the time the observation contains looking and watching, but it can involve the senses other than sight hearing, smelling, touching and tasting. Briony J Oates presents many different kind of observations that could be for the observations, out of which we will use three kind of observations that includes, short duration observation, record keeping by using simple notes and may be camera as well(if required) and tierce one is that no feedback is given to the observed people. The people observed would be only the people with the visually impairment disabilities. (Oates, 2006)Highly systematic observations of pre-defined types of eventsObservations of anything and everythingNarrow parsimony on particular type of eventBroad focusObservation takes no part in the proceedingsOb server participates fully in the proceedingsFacts of Observations taking place is known to allFact of observation taking place is known to none except the researcherNo explanation, or dark explanation, given for presence of observer-researcher expert explanation given for the presence of the observer-researcherShort duration-could be as little as 5 minutesLong duration-possibly old ageRecord-Keeping uses only note takingRecord-keeping uses technology (e. g audio tape, camera, stop watch, two way mirror, computer program)No feedback given afterwards to the observedFull feedback given afterwards to the observedFIGURE 2.1 Different Kind of Observation (Briony j Oates, 2006)We will try to observe and describe the interaction between the handicap people and the ticketing machine or the booking system, and the data and the information which obtained by the means of observations and experiences. We start with a theory as starting point then we will formulate interviews which will base on that theory.Interviews are defined as a particular type of conversation between people. Usually one person has the purpose of undertaking the interview they want to gain information from the other(s) ( Briony j Oates, 2006). The purpose of interviews would be to produce useful information for the research. In interviews we will try to do the things that Oates suggested (page-187) like gain detailed information, explore emotions, experiences or feeling that cannot easily be observed and investigate sensitive issues or privileged information, that respondent might not willing to write about on paper for a researcher that they have not met. We will use unstructured interviews we will start by introducing topic to the interviewee and allow them to develop their own ideas about the topic let the interviewees to speak their mind.The criteria for the woof of the sources of the interviewer or the person to be observed will be the amount and type of the information required for the empiric al study. For example if we want the user requirement we will interview from the users (visually impaired people) and if we need to know that how the ticket machine works normally or for the normal people we will interview general public for that.For the study of a group of individuals, (visually impaired people) we will be visiting various people with visual impairment disabilities at the handicaps care center in Boras for interviews and observations. The selection criteria for the interview and the observation will depend on the information and data required for the empirical study i.e. the user (visually impaired people) and the regular traveler.Most part of our observation will be undergo when we will be conducting interviews, because the visually impairment people might not be able to give us a long time for observation. There are very less chances that we found these people personally interacting with ticketing machine as we can find normal people interacting.Data analysis pro ceduresAt this stage of inspection, we will analyze the data we received from our observations and interviews, and then revise them and compare them between real findings and experience. The rating method means to produce a high-quality with the help of paygrade, so we can authenticate all the gathered data in order to get new information. It should be done sooner than we begin with our conclusions.Interviews will be arranged for the users, who are using the ticket machine systems in association with the observations and unexpectedly different question would be asked from them. We can give the idea of the problem in the users mind. In this way we will easily reach to our goal of what we need and what are problems in the interface, which might create more problems for the user (visually impaired). Then make a comparison of interviews with various users viewpoints, what hurdles they could face during interaction with such interface. At the end we will review of all data that we have collected through the interviews and compare them with our theory.Strategies for validating findingsAccording to Collin Robson (2004) evaluation refer to as assessing the value (or worth or merit) of something. The something focused on here is some kind of innovation, or intervention, project, or service. It involves people in one or more ways, perhaps as the provider of the service, or in setting up and running the intervention, almost inevitably as participants in the innovation or project and as client of the service (Collin Robson, 2004).The evaluation method is used to produce a good grade of the research, which should be of great importance that we evaluated for the quality of the research, So we will able to validate all the material that we collected. There are many methods for the qualitative research as (Kaplan, Maxwell, 2005)-Validity-data quality-feedbackWe will also use these evaluation methods in our research, according to Bonnie Kaplan and Joseph A. Maxwell (page-14) validity in qualitative research addresses the necessarily subjective nature of data collection and analysis. Because the researcher is the instrument for collection and analyzing data, the study is subjective in the sense of being different for different researchers. Different researchers may approach the same research question by collecting different data or by interpreting the same data different ways. We will compare the results of interviews and observations taken from different people. (Kaplan, Maxwell, 2005)Data quality will reveals us that the data we collected is in detailed and varied enough that it will provide a comprehensive and showing a boom picture of, what is going on and what processes are involved. Data quality will help us to deeply see the whole process and developing some results.This is the single most important way of ruling out the possibility of misinterpreting the meaning of what participants say and do, or what the researcher have observed (Kaplan, Maxw ell, 2005). The feedback will refer the gathering the response about the conclusions from participants. We will try to check that our interpretation makes sense to the visually impaired people this thing will help us in collecting additional important data if required.We want to keep the structure of the research flexible and feasible, which would provide easiness and comfort to the reader. We will have empirical aid because of interviews and observations that we would conduct from handicap people and the machine ticket purchasers. The aim is to create consistency in the research so that it becomes easy to see that how the different parts to the research fit together.On the basis of these two different observations and interview types, we will try to join the results from both scenarios and evaluate the results and try to provide a clear picture of the problem area, that we are studying, from which the future readers can identify and relate their study.Result presentation methodAft er analyzing all the observations, interviews and the literature, the research results of our thesis would be presented in the form of mainly prototype to certain extent, along with the small amount of data, model and diagrams as well. We will illustrate our results in form of prototype for the use of handicaps with visually impaired people.